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Santa Cruz massacre
The Santa Cruz massacre (also known as the Dili massacre) was the shooting of at least 250 East Timorese pro-independence demonstrators in the Santa Cruz cemetery in the capital, Dili, on 12 November 1991, during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.
==Background==
In October 1991 a delegation to East Timor consisting of members from the Portuguese Parliament and twelve journalists was planned during a visit from UN Special Rapporteur for Human Rights on Torture, Pieter Kooijmans.〔Krieger, p. 257.〕 The Indonesian Government objected to the inclusion in the delegation of Jill Jolliffe, an Australian journalist who it regarded as supportive of the Fretilin independence movement,〔Alatas, p. 53.〕〔Hyland, Tom: ("Jakarta 'sabotage Timor visit'" ), ''The Age'', 28 October 1991. Read at ''Hamline University Apakabar Site''. URL Accessed 26 August 2006.〕 and Portugal subsequently cancelled the delegation. The cancellation demoralised independence activists in East Timor, who had hoped to use the visit to raise the international profile of their cause.〔Pinto, p. 183; Alatas, p. 57.〕 Tensions between Indonesian authorities and East Timorese youths rose in the days after Portugal's cancellation. On 28 October, Indonesian troops had located a group of resistance members in Dili's Motael Church. A confrontation ensued between pro-integration activists and those in the church; when it was over, one man on each side was dead. Sebastião Gomes, a supporter of independence for East Timor, was taken out of the church and shot by Indonesian troops, and integration activist Afonso Henriques was stabbed and killed during the fight.〔Singh, pp. 155–156; Pinto, pp. 183–184; Carey, p. 49; Alatas, p. 57. Alatas and Singh do not mention the presence of Indonesian troops at the church. Carey describes Henriques as "a Timorese member of a ''ninja'' (masked killer) unit which had broken into the Motael Church ... to harass the sheltering students". Pinto describes him as "working for Indonesian intelligence".〕
A number of foreigners had come to East Timor to observe the Portuguese delegation, including independent US journalists Amy Goodman and Allan Nairn, and British cameraman Max Stahl. They attended a memorial service for Gomes on 12 November, during which several thousand men, women, and children walked from the Motael Church to the nearby Santa Cruz cemetery. Along the way, members of the group pulled out banners and East Timorese flags. 〔Carey, p. 50; Jardine, p. 15; Alatas, p. 58.〕 Organizers of the protest maintained order during the protest; although it was loud, the crowd was peaceful and orderly, by most accounts.〔Anderson, p. 146; Carey, p. 50; Singh, p. 157; Alatas, pp. 57–58; Amnesty (1991), p. 1. Alatas describes a peaceful procession "taken over by a small group of agitators", whose provocations included "the display of FRETILIN flags and banners" and "the shouting of anti-integration slogans".〕 It was the largest and most visible demonstration against the Indonesian occupation since 1975.〔Pinto and Jardine, p. 190.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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